Broadly, one could make the distinction that the educated of society are more liberal whilst those in rural areas are generally more conservative. Illness is our fault; it is due to our bad habits and way of life. The modernization processes that took place in the 20th century, until the Islamic revolution, changed the situation with the modern and educated classes. I should make myself a better person. In Iran, people generally feel able to relax their moral codes of behaviour and reveal the private side of their life when surrounded by people from their inner circle. Look! God tells us if you act, I will support you. After the loss of her unborn child, Nahal spirals into deep depression, deciding not to remove dead fetal tissue from her womb. Angela Sanchez. The study was based on qualitative research. Cultural values are a culture's core beliefs about what's good or right. Rice and fresh unleavened or semi leavened whole-grain bread are staple starches. We found two patterns. One of the methods in this category is Benevolent Religious Reappraisal: using religion to redefine the stressor as benevolent and potentially beneficial. The dynamics of relationships are significantly shaped by the reality of which activities Iranians feel safe doing in public. Culture, a shared set of traditions, belief systems, and behaviors, is shaped by history, religion, ethnic identity, language, and nationality, among other factors. Furthermore, ethnic minorities tend to have distinctive forms of social organisation that are sometimes more collectivistic. Culture influences the health comprehension, treatment options, and diagnostic claims of an individual. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. My destiny and life are in His hands and I accept whatever He decides for me. The most beloved Imam among Iranians is Imam Reza, whose tomb is in Iran. It would seem reasonable to assume that religion is more accessible to individuals whose orientation system is greatly marked by religion. The interviews varied in length, from around one hour to one and half hours. Im not dependent on anything or anybody. I begged Him not to let me die in pain. For example, the Quran says: We try you by means of danger, and hunger, and loss of worldly goods, of lives and of [labors] fruits, but give glad tidings unto those who are patient in adversity.Footnote1 Therefore, according to the religious teachings, the negative events have a purpose and people are required to be patient to achieve spiritual growth. Culture impacts the way a person views life, values, social norms, and other aspects that constitute daily life, including health and diseases. Survey identifies health behaviors, challenges shared by Muslim community. Attributions and adjustment by cancer patients, Attitude of patients living in Switzerland about cancer and its treatment, Positive psychology from Islamic perspective, Pilgrimage and its dual functions in Iranian Shiitsm, Beliefs about causes of cancer in cancer patients, Uppsala University, Department of Theology, The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Parents make sacrifices for children, especially for their education. These relationships can provide support, guidance, employment opportunities or help navigating bureaucracies. One usually turns immediately to family for assistance and may tell their problems and issues only to their family members. Moreover, it was explained to all potential informants that the research is part of an international study aimed at identifying the strategies patients use to cope with their illness; participation was voluntary; participants could withdraw at any time or from any part of the research without any consequences for themselves; the data are kept confidential; and the research reports have been presented and published without mentioning the participants name or representative characteristics. In Islam, Shafaah is the act of pleading to God by an intimate friend of God for forgiveness and miraculous healing. Family culture influences the way each family member thinks, feels, and acts on a daily basis. We found two patterns. Then I wanted to read, but I didnt know how. Debase, In this regard, a 60-year-old woman explained: I feel extreme closeness to God. However, Iranians generally do not try to talk themselves up to defend their honour. Completely surrounded by God, I put myself and my destiny in His hands. As such, women are expected to cover up anything that could be considered an erotic provocateur to avoid unwanted public attention i.e. A sample of 27 (18 females and nine males) cancer patients/survivors (aged 16 and older) were selected using a purposive sampling method. They're informed by the cultures we most associate ourselves with. Instead, people are expected to self-deprecate their success. Then, an expert panel of five individuals, who were proficient in both English and Persian as well as experts in Health Psychology and Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, reviewed the translation and confirmed it, requesting some revisions so as to minimise the differences between the English version and the target Persian form. Indeed, general society embraces science and development, and there seems to be a cultural consensus that Islamic principles do not necessarily contradict technological and scientific progress. Many Iranians have misgivings about the politicisation of Islam. Ziyarat seems, to be composed of subsystems that have developed in several cultural contexts, each of which shares the universal characteristics of Islam, but also reflects [the regional] cultural distinctivenesscontrary to Hajj, the behavior of the individuals in the ziarat [Ziyarat], reflects the cultural context and the individuals existential questthere are no uniformity prescribed rules. Elderly relatives are kept at home, not placed in a nursing home. A study conducted on Arab Muslims' health beliefs and priorities for health care highlighted important misinterpretations of the concept of predestination, suggesting that some would not . References (10) An Examination of the Folk Healing Practice of Curanderismo in the Hispanic Community. Conflict related to cultural beliefs within healthcare commonly arises during times of significant life change. Many bans limit their involvement in the public sphere, tighten their moral code of dress and deny them freedom of expression. Inter-cultural and cross-cultural competencies were made visible. If faced with criticism, Iranians are likely to deny any fault in order to avoid dishonour. Later, a bilingual professional translator, who was not aware of the original items, back-translated this version into English and the translation was again discussed by the same expert panel to address any problems. The first one is conversation with God and saints. When our interviewees talked about ziyarat, they often referred to visiting his holy shrine. Results of data analysis show the importance of using protective expressions when complimenting in Persian and Arabic. The interviews occurred in a private room at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization; there were no interruptions. Under it, Islamic theologians and mullahs constitute the highest ranks of leadership. Robert T. Muller, Ph.D., is a professor of psychology at York University, and the author of the book Trauma and the Avoidant Client. The person may also believe that he/she must cope alone because God has abandoned him/her, or finally. Research by Ahmad Ali Noorbala and colleagues from Tehran University of Medical Sciences shows women in Iran have a greater incidence of mental disorders than women in Western cultures. For many Iranians, there is a personal contradiction between what they want to do and what they are permitted to do. Today, Iran is home to a population of around 83,024,745 individuals. He gave me my life and He can take it back. We find two patterns regarding such connectedness. 6. I believe everybody has sinned somehow. The concept of orientation system concerns the ways in which culture influences peoples lives. It should not be assumed that all Iranians share the same language, cultural, religious or political beliefs. This means women commonly get passed over for jobs, earn less and receive lower allowances as it is expected that their male family member will support them. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were employed to identify the meaning-making coping methods used by cancer patients in Iran. Improving patient and family care outcomes has been said to require "nuanced understanding of cultural con-texts for those who provide care and those who receive it" (Schim & Doorenbos, 2010, p. 1). When she tries to address the issue with her mother and husband, shes turned away. Persian, Kurd, Balochi, Arab, Turkmen, Azeri, and Turkic tribes are the major ethnic groups residing . After all the interviews had been transcribed and analyzed, the main citations (participants responses and statements) for each category were translated into English by the researchers. Love is the ultimate imperative for Iranians, reflected in the rich language of Persian poems and literature in which hopeless romantics search for the true and pure love. Examples include post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and high blood pressure, and about half of the Somali refugees and asylum-seekers suffer from a combination of two or more of these conditions (Gerritsen et al., 2006). The Imam is the guarantor of this process. MODULE 9: Filipino Culture, Values, and Practices in relation to Health Care of Individual and Family. It is the same with the saints and Imams. As mentioned before, sacred here is not defined in a religious context, but an inwardly sanctification context. Those who are employed usually do desktop-based office work and also rarely get the same management opportunities. (p. 12). A health belief system has four key components: perceived susceptibility. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the informants. Passive Religious Deferral refers to passive waiting for God to control the situation. The holy places may also function as reminders of God; Islamic/Quranic teachings argue that remembrance of Allah leads to peace and satisfaction: Those who believe and whose hearts find peace in the remembrance of Allh. The more humility a person shows, the less likely they are to be criticised. Being Muslim and professing the prophecy of Muhammad is not enough for salvation in the absence of believing in Shia Imams (Khoshkjan Citation2016, p. 3). Family Solidarity - Intergenerational solidarity refers to the degree of closeness and support between different generations. According to Majlesi (Citation1982) (a very important religious figure in Iran) (p. 209), the reward (savab) of pilgrimage of Imam Rezas tomb in Mashhad (Iran) is equal to one thousand hajes- pilgrim to Macca. As it seems, believing that imams have outwardly powers, that visiting imams tombs ziyarat means nearing the source of the divine, and that through ziyarat they gain rewards savab has brought about the kind of psychological confidence and security that our informants needed while facing a serious life crisis. Many people study for a higher education or post-graduate degree as strong respect is shown to those who have proof of expertise. First, following the process recommended by the World Health Organization (Citation2017), the original interview questions were translated into Persian by a psychology researcher whose mother tongue is Persian. The quotes used in this part, which were recorded in Persian, have been translated into English. Italy is a country located in the south of Europe. In public, people behave in the way that will benefit them (i.e. Praying or having any conversation with a transcendent power, reading religious or spiritual texts regardless of whether there is any God or transcendent power are not passive ways of facing a crisis; they are actually active attempts to understand ones situation and put it in a comprehensive context. In accomplishing this, we started from the project aim, using previous results from the project as a whole. Medications like these are seen as first-line treatment in Iran. This perspective includes both religious and secular cultural settings, especially Muslim ones. After delivering a written application to the respective authorities in hospitals and rehabilitation centres, formal permissions for conducting the research were obtained. They are beliefs, ideas, and principles that are specific to your home and how it functions. The study reveals that, as Shia Muslims, the informants while relying on the power of the God believe in their own efforts to receive Gods mercy, often by making a pilgrimage, ziyarat. Most Iranians seem to be unified across ethnic divides. Collaborative religious coping refers to a search for control through a partnership with God. We recognise that personal beliefs and cultural practices are central to the lives of doctors and patients, and that all doctors have personal values that affect their day-to-day practice. I told the nurse to bring me a Quran. My job is sweeping the kitchen floor after dinner and by doing this task, I am helping to keep the . Previously, people usually only dated after high school; however, it is becoming common for teenagers to do so. Quotes used in this category is Benevolent religious Reappraisal: using religion to redefine the stressor as Benevolent and beneficial... Thinks, feels, and Turkic tribes are the major ethnic groups residing away! 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