Xhosa (/ˈkɔːsə, ˈkoʊsə/, Xhosa pronunciation: [ˈǁʰɔsa ]) is a Nguni Bantu language with click consonants and is one of the official languages of South Africa. The Xhosa language is properly referred to as isiXhosa. There are five vowel phonemes, i.e., sounds that distinguish word meaning. Others think that Xhosa-speaking children should be taught in their native language in the early grades. Thus, the word for ‘people’ is abantu in all these languages. / Whenever /w/ follows a labial consonant, it changes to /j/, which then triggers palatalisation of the consonant. Vowels can be either short or long. Ngqika is considered to be the standard variety. In Clem et al. Below we picked 70% of the most commonly used words. Foreign language learning is real world education, /c, ɟ, ɬ, ɮ, x, ɦ, ɣ̈/ have no equivalents in English. Using the prefixes, nouns can be grouped into noun classes, which are numbered consecutively, to ease comparison with other Bantu languages. This came about because South African actor John Kani, a native of the Eastern Cape province who plays Wakandan King T'Chaka, is Xhosa and suggested that the directors of the fictional Civil War incorporate a dialogue in the language. 2. At the secondary level, instruction in schools serving Xhosa-speaking students is in English. The various parts of the sentence must agree in both class and number.[12]. Tone, stress and vowel length are not indicated. The word order is subject–verb–object, like in English. [8][9] Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately 8.2 million people and by another 11 million as a second language in South Africa, mostly in Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Gauteng and Northern Cape. Xhosa has no descendants or varieties listed in Wiktionary's language data modules. Xhosa has several dialects, including Mpondo (Pondo), Xesibe, Bomwana, Gaika, Gcaleka, Thembu, Mpondomise, Ndlambe (Ethnologue). Tones are rarely marked in the written language, but they can be indicated a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Overview. Henry Hare Dugmore helped translate the entire Bible in Xhosa language. The movie shows the Xhosa tradition of ulwaluko, it is told from the perspective of a homosexual Xhosa man. Below is a table of Xhosa consonants. [16], The role of indigenous languages in South Africa is complex and ambiguous. Language family that includes Xhosa and Zulu crossword clue appeared first on Daily Crossword Solver. However, some of the letters have a different pronunciation than as in English. Inxeba (The Wound) is a movie directed by John Trengove. If you have any other question or need extra help, please feel free to contact us or … Xhosa, a group of mostly related peoples living primarily in Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Implosive consonants / 1 Before monosyllabic stems, e.g. [16] In the modern period, it has also borrowed, slightly, from both Afrikaans and English. Xhosa has the following clicks consonants which can be modified in a variety of ways, such as aspirated, breathy-voiced or nasalized. Otherwise, they tend to be tenuis (plain) stops. They are thought to have migrated to this region along the east coast of Africa and through central Africa. It is closely related to Zulu, Swati, and Ndebele. They are truly voiced only after nasals, but the oral occlusion is then very short in stops, and it usually does not occur at all in clicks. The phonology of Xhosa is characterized by a simple vowel inventory and a complex system of consonants. The rest of the elements are placed to the left or to the right of the verb root. AmaXhosa migrated to the east coast of Africa and came across Khoisan-speaking people; "as a result of this contact, the Xhosa people borrowed some Khoisan words along with their pronunciation, for instance, the click sounds of the Khoisan languages". Usually, the first title in the Xhosa culture tends to have general semantic transparency with the lexicon of the language inspiring the choice of Xhosa clan name given. iliso (eye), uluhlu (list). In the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: Civil War and Black Panther, the language spoken in the fictional African nation of Wakanda is Xhosa. Words for family members and other relatives in Xhosa (isiXhosa), a Bantu language spoken in South Africa and Lesotho. Various parts of speech that qualify a noun must agree with the noun according to its gender. The best-known performer of Xhosa songs outside South Africa was Miriam Makeba, whose Click Song #1 (Xhosa Qongqothwane) and "Click Song #2" (Baxabene Ooxam) are known for their large number of click sounds. Total number of users in all countries is 19.2 million (. The language is also rich in idioms. While palatalisation occurred historically, it is still productive, as is shown by palatalization before the passive suffix /-w/. It is the Bantu family agglutinative tonal language. Below are some common words and sentences in Xhosa. At present, Xhosa is used as the main language of instruction in many primary schools and some secondary schools, but is largely replaced by English after the early primary grades, even in schools mainly serving Xhosa-speaking communities. Total number of users in all countries is 19.2 million (Ethnologue). Xhosa is an agglutinative language that expresses grammatical functions by adding prefixes and suffixes to roots. See Sands & Gunnink (2019) "Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin Area." The following table gives an overview of Xhosa noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs. (eds), These are analogous to the slack-voice nasals, "Xhosa alphabet, pronunciation and language", "isiNdebele for beginners. Ngqika is considered to be the standard variety. Only phonemic, and thus reflected orthographically, for. 15% of its vocabulary is estimated to be of Khoekhoe (Khoisan) origin. Xhosa nouns belong to 17 different classes, roughly based on semantic categories, e.g., there are classes for human beings, animals, plants, objects of various shapes, etc. Here is the answer for: Language family that includes Xhosa and Zulu crossword clue answers, solutions for the popular game New York Times Crossword. There are a number of print publications in Xhosa, or in Xhosa and English. ; Category:Xhosa entry maintenance: Xhosa entries, or entries in other languages containing Xhosa terms, that are being tracked for … Similarly, the tenuis (plain) clicks are often glottalised, with a long voice onset time, but that is uncommon. The Xhosa live mainly in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. In addition, the Bhaca and Mfengu have adopted the Xhosa language as medium of teaching at school. As of 2003[update] approximately 5.3 million Xhosa-speakers, the majority, live in the Eastern Cape, followed by the Western Cape (approximately 2 million), Gauteng (671,045), the Free State (246,192), KwaZulu-Natal (219,826), North West (214,461), Mpumalanga (46,553), the Northern Cape (51,228), and Limpopo (14,225). Their use in education has been governed by legislation, beginning with the Bantu Education Act, 1953.[12]. The phonology of Xhosa is characterized by a simple vowel inventory and a complex system of consonants. 2 is- and iz- replace isi- and izi- respectively before stems beginning with a vowel, e.g. The language of instruction at universities in South Africa is English or Afrikaans, and Xhosa is taught as a subject, both for native and for non-native speakers. [14] There is a small but significant Xhosa community of about 200,000 in Zimbabwe. 2002. The main tribes are the Mpondo, Mpondomise, Bomvana, Xesibe, and Thembu. (3) language family (4) my wife and family (5) He encouraged everyone to put pressure on family , relatives and friends to turn out. In 1996[update], the literacy rate for first-language Xhosa speakers was estimated at 50%.[16]. The Xhosa language (Isixhosa), of which there are variations, is part of the Nguni language group. Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika is part of the national anthem of South Africa, national anthem of Tanzania and Zambia, and the former anthem of Zimbabwe and Namibia. The Xhosa language (isiXhosa) belongs to the Niger–Congo languages family, and more specifically to the Bantu branch. The original stanza was: Additional stanzas were written later by Sontonga and other writers, with the original verse translated into Sotho and Afrikaans, as well as English. Besides pulmonic egressive sounds, which are found in all spoken languages, it has a series of ejective stops and one implosive stop. 4. Human translations with examples: ifani, ilifa, usapho, umndeni, zihlobo zam, isapho lomgca, igama losapho. Xhosa has ten vowels. Implosive consonants are produced by inhaling rather than exhaling the air. As a result of this contact, the Xhosa people borrowed some Khoisan words along with their pronunciation, for instance, the click sounds of the Khoisan languages. Ever since Xhosa and Zulu were reduced to a written form in the early 19th century, Xhosa and Zulu writers have produced various works of fiction, ranging from poetry to novels. Are you having trouble finding the answers to Language family that includes Xhosa and Zulu clue of the New York Times Crossword? Xhosa-speaking peoples are divided into several tribes with related but distinct heritages. ; Category:Xhosa appendices: Pages containing additional information about Xhosa. For Black Panther, director Ryan Coogler "wanted to make it a priority to use Xhosa as much as possible" in the script, and provided dialect coaches for the film's actors. Family words in Xhosa. John Bennie was a Scottish Presbyterian missionary and early Xhosa linguist. The orthographic b in mb is the voiced plosive [mb]. On this page will find the solution to Language family that includes Xhosa and Zulu crossword clue. In addition, it … It is a Bantu language closely related to Zulu, Swazi, and Ndebele. Xhosa is well known for its set of three major clicks. Xhosa is rich in uncommon consonants. Maho (2009) lists Mpondo (Pondo), Xesibe, Bomvana, Gaika (Ngqika), Gcaleka, Thembu, Mpondomise, Ndlambe, and Hlubi.[4]. However, not all noun classes can be so easily defined. Xhosa. It is a Bantu language closely related to Zulu, Swazi, and Ndebele. Xhosa has an inventory of ten vowels: [a], [ɛ~e], [i], [ɔ~o] and [u] written a, e, i, o and u in order, all occurring in both long and short. [15] Also, a small community of Xhosa speakers (18,000) live in Quthing District, Lesotho. The current national anthem of South Africa, starts with the first two lines in Xhosa, with the next two lines translated into Zulu but almost identical to the Xhosa version. Moreover, Xhosa does not generally tolerate sequences of a labial consonant plus /w/. Clicks Breathy-voiced consonants Several radio stations and one TV station broadcast in Xhosa. Xhosa is a tonal language with two inherent phonemic tones: low and high. [12] It is the second most common Bantu home language in South Africa as a whole. All rights reserved. The prenasalized versions have a very short voicing at the onset which then releases in an ejective, like the prenasalized affricates, while the phonemically nasal clicks have a very long voicing through the consonant. The /i/ vowel will be long in the penultimate syllable and short in the last syllable.[17]. It has 18 click consonants (in comparison, Juǀ'hoan, spoken in Botswana and Namibia, has 48, and Taa, with roughly 4,000 speakers in Botswana, has 83). Therefore memorizing them will give you a 70% boost in the language. It took us some time to find the right answer to Language family that includes Xhosa and Zulu. Breathy-voiced consonants are produced when the vocal cords vibrate, as they do in normal voicing, but are held further apart, so that a volume of air escapes between them. [22] The Bantu ancestor of Xhosa did not have clicks, which attests to a strong historical contact with a San language that did. The status of Xhosa, like all other African languages in the Republic of South Africa, is complex. Ejective consonants are pronounced with simultaneous closure of the glottis, raising air pressure in the mouth, so when the sound is released, there is a noticeable burst of air accompanying the release. The red letters are orthographic representations of the sounds. They are marked with a raised /ʱ/. That is, da may be pronounced [dʱa̤] (or, equivalently, [d̥a̤]). Approximately 18% of the South African population speaks Xhosa. I must admit that this clue is not so easy. Nguni languages are, in turn, part of the much larger group of Bantu languages. Contact Us, 8.2 million people and by 11 million as a second language in South Africa, mostly in Eastern Cape Province and Transkei. The inventory is taken from Wikipedia. Aspirated clicks become prenasalized ejected clicks. Like other Southern Bantu languages, Xhosa has borrowed words from the Khoisan languages, as well as from English and Afrikaans. This is the smarter way of online learning. It is one of the eleven official languages of the Republic of South Africa. isandla/izandla (hand/hands). Category:xh:All topics: Xhosa terms organized by topic, such as "Family" or "Chemistry". The murmur no longer shifts to the following vowel. It is also spoken in Botswana and Lesotho. For example. They have close cultural ties with the Zulu and the Swazi peoples. Xhosa Tribe, Xhosa Language and Xhosa Culture in South Africa Photograph by Bianka Preusker The incorporation of the Khoisan (Khoi and SAN) people into the Xhosa nation left its mark on the Xhosa language. No change when the following consonant is itself a nasal. As with other South African languages, Xhosa is characterized by respectful forms of address for elders and in-laws. 1. Literary works, including prose and poetry, are available in Xhosa, as are newspapers and magazines. Because of its many "click" sounds the Xhosa language, or isiXhosa as they call it themselves, is different from most other African languages. Xhosa Vocabulary. This clue was last seen on February 3 2019 on New York Times’s Crossword. Well your search ends here, because our team have found all the answers to today’s New York Times crossword. There is a series of six dental clicks, represented by the letter ⟨c⟩, similar to the sound represented in English by "tut-tut" or "tsk-tsk"; a series of six alveolar lateral clicks, represented by the letter ⟨x⟩, similar to the sound used to call horses; and a series of alveolar clicks, represented by the letter ⟨q⟩, that sound somewhat like a cork pulled from a bottle. Adjectives, possessive pronouns and demonstratives come after the noun they modify. The Xhosa vocabulary is the backbone for learning. Clans are groups of families with different surnames but sharing one clan name. The Xhosa language is properly referred to as isiXhosa . MustGo.com.